The patellofemoral joint is composed of the articulation of the patella with the femoral condyles of the femur. The kneecap is an example of a bone we are all familiar with, and which has a significant functional role. Human anatomy arthology and knee joint flashcards quizlet. Numerous muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, bursa sacs, arteries, and nerves contribute to the functionality of the joint and allow athletes to perform at. Anatomical variations of the anterior talofibular ligament of the human ankle joint. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed. The biomechanics and kinematics of the patellofemoral joint are the result of a complex assortment of static and dynamic conditions. When replaced within the evolutive process of species, humans are primates. The digital human forearm and hand kerkhof journal of anatomy.
The vastus medialis oblique vmo muscle is reported to be the primary stabilizer of the patella during knee extension. Inflammation between the trochlea and the patella often causes pain, and it is one form of the syndrome. Joint forces are variable and depend on the degree of knee flexion and whether the foot is in contact with the ground. Update on patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics pdf. Compared with other joints, the ligaments of the ankle have not been studied in great detail. The normal anatomy of the femur, patella, and tibia are compared with those displaying mild, moderate and severe osteoarthritis. The study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. The joints are strengthened by strong fibrous bands called ligaments, which extend between the bones forming the joint. Basic anatomy of the patella everything you need to know.
As evolution continued, the fibula migrated distally, away from the joint line. Free anatomy and physiology textbook for download openstax. To promote better understanding of the knee joint anatomy in the human. Chapter 10 the knee joint manual of structural kinesiology r. Joints in the human skeleton can be grouped by function. The ulnar collateral ligament of the human elbow joint. It is also one of the most often injured joints because of its anatomic characteristics, the interrelation of its structural components, and the significant external forces that act. The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a flat, circulartriangular bone which articulates with the femur thigh bone and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. It lies within the quadriceps tendonpatellar tendon and forms part of the knee joint and extensor mechanism of the knee. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation.
Patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics pdf free download. Commencing at the upper border of the patella, it forms a large culdesac beneath the quadriceps femoris figs. In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints. Lines of action and moment arms of the major forcecarrying. For a random human anatomy question every day on your phone you can get my daily anatomy. The complexity of the joint is primarily due to its ability to provide hinge movement and to provide supple twisting and gliding joint movement as well. Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint sciencedirect. Joints hold the bones together and give the skeleton stability and mobility 1. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis of the knee medical illustration, human anatomy drawing. Superiorly, it articulates with the trochlea, the distal articulating surface of the femur. Bony and cartilaginous anatomy of the patellofemoral joint. Studies of the anatomy and geometry of the articular cartilage in the human patellofemoral joint, based on analyses of surface curvature, have found variations in the ridges of the articular surface of the patella and the femoral trochlea. Anatomy of the patellofemoral joint free pdf ebook. It sits in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage.
Inspite of its important roles, it has a fairly unstable joint design and can degenerate over time. The anatomy and actions of the knee essay 881 words. Much as the architectural anatomy of the bone structures is modeled according to the functional constraint of the joint itself, so the vascular anatomy is also influenced by joint function. The patellofemoral joint is a synovial joint between the condyles of the femur and the articular surface of the patella. Human body joint monitoring and early diagnosis of these disorders will.
Start studying human anatomy arthology and knee joint. Based examination patellofemoral joint anatomy and. Bones are reservoirs of important minerals, especially calcium, and also make new cells for the blood. The knee is by far the most complicated joint as well. Article in press update on patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics charles a. The patellofemoral joint is a very intricate and essential joint for the athlete, and the knowledge about the anatomy of the joint continues to progress. Gross anatomy components medial, lateral and odd facet on the posterior surface of the patel. Nuelle, md keywords patella anatomy trochlea anatomy patella pathology trochlea pathology patellofemoral anatomy patellofemoral biomechanics key points patellofemoral disorders encompass a large spectrum of disease including patellofemoral pain, instability, focal chondral disease, and.
It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, and lies within the quadriceps tendon. The vascular anatomy demonstrates the relative independence of the patellofemoral joint in that it possesses its own true vascular tree. Patellofemoral syndrome may manifest in different ways to, depending on the exact form of the damage the knee has sustained. The patellofemoral joint, due to its particular bone anatomy and the numerous capsuloligamentous structures and muscles that act dynamically on the patella, is considered one of the most complex joints in the human body from the biomechanical point of view. The aim of this short report is to examine knee joint anatomy and physiology with respect to knee stability. A ligament is a type of fibrous tissue that usually connects two bones. Among humans, the hands play an important function in body language and sign language. The patellofemoral joint is a unique and complex structure consisting of static elements bones and ligaments and dynamic elements neuromuscular system. Ebraheims animated educational video describing the basic anatomy of the patella. This full color stock medcial exhibit illustrates the stages of patellofemoral osteoarthritis of the knee.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Cz ior the patellar tendon force and the weight ofthe leg, mpeaivelv. A hand is a prehensile, multifingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb. Anatomy of the human patellofemoral joint articular cartilage anatomy of the human patellofemoral joint. Learn about human anatomy and physiology online by downloading openstaxs free anatomy and physiology book and using our accompanying study guide. Some aspects of functional anatomy of the human knee joint. Anatomical variations of the anterior talofibular ligament of the. Embryology and anatomy of the patella springerlink. The influence of the adipose tissue with regard to the pathology of the knee joint. Anatomy and physiology of domestic animals anatomy and physiology of domestic animals.
The vastus medialis oblique muscle and its relationship to. Reprinted with permission from grelsamer rp, colman w1, mow vc. Several anatomical variants of both patella and the trochlea exist. In this article we will discuss the anatomy and clinical relevance of the patella. The patellofemoral joint is a complex articulation with high functional and biomechanical requirements. Computational modeling of patellofemoral joint motion of human knee je ry hartanto dept. The joint is somewhat complex with multiple contact points and numerous tissues that attach to the patella. The smaller bone that runs alongside the tibia fibula and the kneecap patella are the other bones that make the knee joint. The kneecap and the femur form a third joint, called the patellofemoral joint. Patellofemoral joint anatomy bonecartilage patella femoral trochlear groove tg patellofemoral joint anatomy soft tissue ligaments medial pf ligament tendons quadriceps, patellar muscles vmo other lateral retinaculum patellofemoral joint anatomy cellular pain receptors function patellofemoral joint function. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles in humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body.
Functionally, the knee comprises 2 articulationsthe patellofemoral and tibiofemoral. Patellofemoral joint deterioration pfjd is frequently seen in physical therapy clinics and represents a significant problem for both patients and rehabilitation clinicians. Hip joint ligaments, a cadaver imaging study for education scielo. Knee joint stability requires the integration of a complex set of anatomical structures. Physiological considerations of muscle force through the elbow joint. Normal anatomy and biomechanics of the knee fred flandry, md, facsw and gabriel hommel, md abstract. Manske pt, dpt, med, scs, atc, cscs professor wichita state department of physical therapy wichita, ks knee injuries. This joint has an inner medial and an outer lateral compartment. Stability of the joint is governed by a combination of static ligaments, dynamic muscular forces, meniscocapsular aponeurosis, bony topography, and joint load. Abstract how changes in anatomy affect joint biomechanics can be studied using musculoskeletal modelling, making it a valuable tool to. The patella has a configuration of a triangle with its apex directed inferiorly. It extends from the patella, otherwise known as the kneecap. Bones that have a smaller proportion of calcium phosphate and carbonate, and greater nonmineralized tissue. A dislocation, slipped joint, or tear in the knee can lead to problems maintaining balance.
The synovial membrane of the kneejoint is the largest and most extensive in the body. The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The full text of this article is available as a pdf 195k. The patella as the largest sesamoid bone of the human body forms the patellofemoral joint with the patellar groove of the femur. The metacarpophalangeal joint exhibits a pattern seen also in the interphalangeal joints. Anatomy and surface geometry of the patellofemoral joint. The human skeleton contains 206 major bones whereas the number of bones in different animals varies. Type of bone shaped like a pea and found in tendons e. It is usually regarded as a sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, and resembles these bones 1 in being developed in a tendon. The osseous patella developed separately in birds, some reptiles, and in mammals about 70 million years ago. The knee joint is surrounded by a joint capsule with ligaments strapping the inside and outside of the joint collateral ligaments as well as crossing within the joint cruciate ligaments. The patellofemoral joint is a joint that can be an area of concern for athletes of various sports and ages. Computational modeling of patellofemoral joint motion of.
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